{"id":10307,"date":"2015-10-21T09:10:00","date_gmt":"2015-10-21T09:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/?p=451"},"modified":"2015-10-21T09:10:00","modified_gmt":"2015-10-21T09:10:00","slug":"slot-harmonics-in-power-generation-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/circutor.com\/en\/articulos\/slot-harmonics-in-power-generation-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Slot harmonics in power generation systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Technicians and engineers are broadly&nbsp;familiar with problems caused by lack of&nbsp;power quality and, more specifically,&nbsp;harmonics.<\/p>\n<p>Filtration systems reduce and mitigate&nbsp;the actual harmonic current consumed&nbsp;by the receivers but, what if the source&nbsp;of the power quality is the generation&nbsp;system?<\/p>\n<p>In this article we will look at slot&nbsp;harmonics, and a case study of resonance&nbsp;with these types of harmonics&nbsp;that are generated.<\/p>\n<h4>Slot harmonics<\/h4>\n<p>The actual construction of the stator&nbsp;windings of alternating current rotating&nbsp;electric machines can give rise to the&nbsp;appearance of harmonic components&nbsp;in voltage known as &#8220;slot harmonics&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The existence of uniform slots around&nbsp;the internal part of the stator causes&nbsp;regular variations of reluctance and&nbsp;flux over the stator surface, producing&nbsp;distortion of the voltage wave.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-430\" title=\"Stator with slots\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-estator-en.jpg\" alt=\"Stator with slots\" width=\"415\" height=\"260\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-431\" title=\"Induction Motor Elements\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-elementos-en.jpg\" alt=\"Induction Motor Elements\" width=\"311\" height=\"323\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Slot harmonics occur at frequencies&nbsp;determined by the space between&nbsp;adjacent slots. The order of the&nbsp;components is expressed as follows:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-432\" title=\"U ranura\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-formula1-en.jpg\" alt=\"FN-armonicos-ranura-formula1-en\" width=\"225\" height=\"75\" \/><\/p>\n<p>where:<\/p>\n<table style=\"background-color: #e5e8ed;\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #075f91;\"><strong><em>\u03c5<sub>slot<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;=&nbsp;order of harmonic component<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #075f91;\"><em><strong>S<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;=&nbsp;number of stator slots<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #075f91;\"><em><strong>P<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;=&nbsp;number of machine poles<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #075f91;\"><em><strong>M<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;= whole number, normally equal to 1,&nbsp;with which the lowest frequency slot&nbsp;harmonics are produced<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The main effects of slot harmonics are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Induction of voltage harmonics to the&nbsp;electrical system, distorting the&nbsp;voltage wave.<\/li>\n<li>Increase in the voltage distortion rate&nbsp;THDU(%)<\/li>\n<li>Greater likelihood of resonance with&nbsp;capacitor banks<\/li>\n<li>Decrease in engine efficiency (lower&nbsp;torque, vibrations, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Inadequate operation of sensitive&nbsp;electronic devices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Slot harmonic resonance<\/h4>\n<p>In this case the industry in question has&nbsp;a dual power supply, consisting of a 6.5&nbsp;MW, 4.16 kV\/60 Hz generator and direct&nbsp;power supply from the electrical&nbsp;network through a 69 kV primary&nbsp;electrical network with a 9 MVA&nbsp;transformer and 4.16 kV\/60 Hz&nbsp;secondary. The installation had a&nbsp;motor control system (SMC), which&nbsp;was compensated with a 50 kvar,&nbsp;4.16 kV capacitor.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-433\" title=\"Simplified diagram of the electrical system and electrical measurements\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-esquema-en.jpg\" alt=\"Simplified diagram of the electrical system and electrical measurements\" width=\"434\" height=\"292\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-434\" title=\"problems\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-ico-problemas-es.jpg\" alt=\"problems\" width=\"22\" height=\"20\" \/>&nbsp;Problems<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The installation had the following&nbsp;problems:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Repeated failure of the SMC&nbsp;motor starter.<\/li>\n<li>Tripping of the protections and&nbsp;degradation of the MV capacitors.<\/li>\n<li>Failures in the UPS system in low&nbsp;voltage.<\/li>\n<li>Damage to the electronic ballasts.<\/li>\n<li>False heating alarms in compressors,&nbsp;etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"background-color: #dcdde2;\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-435\" title=\"Tests\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-ico-pruebas-es.jpg\" alt=\"Tests\" width=\"23\" height=\"23\" \/>&nbsp;Tests<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>4 different tests were carried out to&nbsp;the motor power supply:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Powered from the electrical&nbsp;network with and without a&nbsp;capacitor bank.<\/li>\n<li>Powered from the generator with&nbsp;and without a capacitor bank.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #3b8bca;\">Table 1<\/span> summarises the main electrical&nbsp;parameters measured, showing that the&nbsp;variation of the harmonic components&nbsp;without (Fig. 1 and 2) or with (Fig. 3&nbsp;and 4) a capacitor bank is practically&nbsp;the same, having at all times the&nbsp;correct levels.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #3b8bca;\"><strong>Table 1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-436\" title=\"Table 1\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-tabla1-en.jpg\" alt=\"Table 1\" width=\"694\" height=\"179\" \/><\/h4>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-437\" title=\"fig1-4\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-fig1-4-en.jpg\" alt=\"FN-armonicos-ranura-fig1-4-en\" width=\"714\" height=\"664\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #3b8bca;\">Table 2<\/span> shows the performance of the&nbsp;system powered by the 6.5 MW&nbsp;generator.There is a considerable&nbsp;increase in the voltage distortion when&nbsp;the 50 kvar capacitor is connected; the&nbsp;increase is mainly produced in the 37th&nbsp;order harmonic.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #3b8bca;\"><strong>Table 2<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-438\" title=\"Table 2\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-tabla2-en.jpg\" alt=\"Table 2\" width=\"700\" height=\"180\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-439\" title=\"Fig5-8\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-fig5-8-es.jpg\" alt=\"Fig5-8\" width=\"589\" height=\"348\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-440\" title=\"Detail of the rotor and the stator in a generator\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-detalle-rotor-en.jpg\" alt=\"Detail of the rotor and the stator in a generator\" width=\"683\" height=\"204\" \/><\/p>\n<p>As figures 6 and 7 without a capacitor&nbsp;and figures 5 and 8 with a capacity&nbsp;show, the harmonic distortion operating&nbsp;with the generator is greater compared&nbsp;to the distortion produced operating&nbsp;directly with the electrical network; the&nbsp;5th and 37th order components have&nbsp;apparently negligible amplitudes (1.89%&nbsp;and 1.26% respectively).<\/p>\n<p>With the capacitor bank operating, there&nbsp;is resonance in the 37th harmonic with&nbsp;its amplitude at high values (&gt;3%).<\/p>\n<p>There were failures during the test,&nbsp;including the false alarm in the boiler&nbsp;control because of voltage distortion in&nbsp;all the circuits powered by the&nbsp;generator.<\/p>\n<p>This resonance is caused by the&nbsp;combination of short-circuit parameters&nbsp;in the 4.16 kV, 71230 kVA DC bus, and&nbsp;the size of the capacitor, 50 kVAr. The&nbsp;tuning frequency is expressed as&nbsp;follows:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-441\" title=\"Formula\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-formula2-es.jpg\" alt=\"Formula\" width=\"216\" height=\"76\" \/><\/p>\n<p>where:<\/p>\n<table style=\"background-color: #e5e8ed;\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #075f91;\"><em><strong>n<\/strong><\/em> =&nbsp;harmonic order of resonance<br \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #075f91;\"><em><strong>S<\/strong><\/em><sub><em><strong>cc<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;<\/sub>=&nbsp;Short-circuit power available in the&nbsp;connection point of the capacitor bank<br \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #075f91;\"><em><strong>Q<\/strong><\/em> =&nbsp;Effective power of the capacitor bank<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>therefore:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-442\" title=\"Formula\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-formula3-es.jpg\" alt=\"Formula\" width=\"216\" height=\"65\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Fig.9<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-443\" title=\"Fig.9\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-fig9-en.jpg\" alt=\"FN-armonicos-ranura-fig9-en\" width=\"464\" height=\"93\" \/><\/p>\n<p>We also saw that the generator was&nbsp;4-pole and had 72 slots in its stator, so&nbsp;by applying the initial formula its lowest&nbsp;order slot harmonics are 35 and 37,&nbsp;coinciding with the resonance produced&nbsp;in the installation, and which entailed&nbsp;the various underlying problems. (Fig.&nbsp;9)<\/p>\n<p>An interesting aspect of this test was&nbsp;the fact that as the load dropped to 0,&nbsp;the distortion of the voltage wave&nbsp;increased, as shown in the figure with&nbsp;the profile of the voltage distortion rate&nbsp;THD(U)%.<\/p>\n<h4>Conclusions<\/h4>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-444\" style=\"margin-right: 10px; float: left;\" title=\"picture conclusions\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/FN-armonicos-ranura-foto1-es.jpg\" alt=\"picture conclusions\" width=\"283\" height=\"217\" \/>In this case, the immediate measure&nbsp;was to leave the 50 kVAr capacitor&nbsp;permanently out of service, and to&nbsp;consider the need to use a capacitor&nbsp;bank with a detuned filter, detuned to&nbsp;7%. However, the presence of the 37th&nbsp;voltage harmonic, being a generator&nbsp;design flaw, cannot be eliminated,&nbsp;meaning that in low load periods the&nbsp;same false alarm was produced in the&nbsp;boiler control. It was therefore suggested&nbsp;that power should be provided&nbsp;through an online type UPS system in&nbsp;order to eliminate this component from&nbsp;the power supply voltage.<\/p>\n<p>It is becoming more essential to use&nbsp;compensation units with detuned filters&nbsp;due to the increase in applications with&nbsp;electronic and power electronic devices,&nbsp;whose effects these days cannot be&nbsp;discounted.<\/p>\n<p>The deployment of a monitoring system&nbsp;enables the diagnosis, control and&nbsp;efficient use of electrical energy, and to&nbsp;help detect any anomaly in our&nbsp;installation.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; background-color: #eeeeee;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 10px;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250px;\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\">\n<p>Click here to download this article in PDF&nbsp;<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-37\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" \/>&nbsp;format:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Art_Armonics-RANURA_SP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-5\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/es.gif\" alt=\"es\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" \/><\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Art_Armonics-RANURA_EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-7\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/en.gif\" alt=\"en\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" \/><\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Art_Armonics-RANURA_DE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-9\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/de.gif\" alt=\"de\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" \/><\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Art_Armonics-RANURA_FR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-11\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/fr.gif\" alt=\"fr\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" \/><\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Art_Armonics-RANURA_PL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-186\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/pl.gif\" alt=\"pl\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" \/><\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Art_Armonics-RANURA_PT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" size-full wp-image-184\" src=\"https:\/\/circutorweb.atic.blue\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/pt.gif\" alt=\"pt\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10px;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p>You can read our news in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/circutor.com\/en\/company\/news\/news\">news section<\/a>.<br \/>You can also follow our publications on CIRCUTOR&#8217;s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/circutor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter account<\/a>, and on&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/circutor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">LinkedIn<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Introduction Technicians and engineers are broadly&nbsp;familiar with problems caused by lack of&nbsp;power quality and, more specifically,&nbsp;harmonics. Filtration systems reduce and mitigate&nbsp;the actual harmonic current consumed&nbsp;by the receivers but, what if the source&nbsp;of the power quality is the generation&nbsp;system? In this article we will look at slot&nbsp;harmonics, and a case study of resonance&nbsp;with these types [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":430,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1138],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Slot harmonics in power generation systems - CIRCUTOR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Technicians and engineers are broadly familiar with problems caused by lack of power quality and, more specifically, harmonics.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/circutor.com\/en\/articles\/slot-harmonics-in-power-generation-systems\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Slot harmonics in power generation systems - 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