Electrical Harmonics<\/span><\/div><\/div>[vc_single_image image=”15558″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”contenido_single_evento contenido_single_notebook”][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”8\/12″][vc_column_text el_class=”categoria”]<\/p>\nNOTEBOOK<\/h6>\n
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Compensation and harmonic disturbance filtering techniques<\/h1>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_raw_html el_class=”indice_evento”]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[\/vc_raw_html][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
What are harmonics?<\/h3>\n
Non linear loads, such as: rectifiers, inverters, speed variators, furnaces, etc. that absorb periodic non-sine wave currents from the network. Said currents are composed of a fundamental frequency component rated at 50 or 60 Hz, plus a series of overlapping currents, with frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. This is how we define\u00a0ELECTRICAL HARMONICS<\/strong>, which generate\u00a0major technical and economic costs<\/strong>.<\/p>\nThe result is a deformation of the current (and consequently, voltage) leading to series of\u00a0associated secondary effects<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30248″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\nEffects of harmonics<\/h3>\n
The main effects of the voltage and current harmonics in a power system can be cited as:<\/p>\n
\n- The possibility of\u00a0amplification of some harmonics<\/strong>\u00a0as a result of serial and parallel resonance<\/li>\n
- Reduction in the performance<\/strong>\u00a0of energy generation, transmision, and usage systems<\/li>\n
- The\u00a0ageing<\/strong>\u00a0of the grid isolation components and as a consequence, energy reduction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”contenido_single_evento contenido_single_notebook bloque_indice_notebook” el_id=”bloque1″][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”8\/12″][vc_column_text el_class=”titulo_apartado_acordeon”]<\/p>\n
Introduction to compensation and disturbance filtering in electrical installations<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner el_class=”contenido_apartado_acordeon”][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]In general,\u00a0new computer and electrical units<\/strong>\u00a0perform better on today’s processes and tasks.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]A cambio internamente estos equipos son m\u00e1s complejos e\u00a0incorporan componentes<\/strong>\u00a0como fuentes de alimentaci\u00f3n conmutadas, rectificadores u otros elementos, que consumen habitualmente una forma de onda en corriente que no es senoidal, sino que est\u00e1 distorsionada y deformada.[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator][vc_single_image image=”30481″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\nExample of an installation with equipment that generate electrical harmonics on the grid.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator][vc_column_text]Yet these devices are more complex internally and\u00a0include components<\/strong>\u00a0such as switching power supplies, rectifiers or other elements that typically consume a current wave shape that is distorted and deformed rather than being sinusoidal.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30312″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\nIdeal wave shape and distorted wave shape<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator][vc_column_text]We can thus say that these units have improved our quality of life, but at the cost of greater contamination of our electrical systems, causing them to exhibit unusual behaviour.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30288″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]All regular non-sinusoidal wave shapes may be represented as a sum of sinusoidal waves whose frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, which we call harmonics.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30248″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Distorted wave shape decomposition<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]These\u00a0harmonics mainly affect<\/strong>\u00a0the quality of the voltage wave shape, and can negatively disrupt many machines and units, as well as the installation itself.<\/p>\nHarmonics are produced by non-linear loads that absorb non-sinusoidal current. The\u00a0most common loads<\/strong>\u00a0that generate harmonics, in both industrial and domestic environments, are the following:<\/p>\n\n- Variable speed drivers<\/li>\n
- Discharge lamps (mercury vapour, sodium, energy-saving, fluorescent, etc.)<\/li>\n
- Rectifiers<\/li>\n
- AC\/DC transducers<\/li>\n
- Arc welding<\/li>\n
- Induction furnaces<\/li>\n
- UPS<\/li>\n
- Computers<\/li>\n
- etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In turn, the harmonic currents generated when they pass through linear loads generate\u00a0distortion in the voltage wave shape<\/strong>, which will depend on both the nature of the harmonic currents and the grid and loads themselves.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30321″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]Sometimes harmonic distortion is not originated inside our installation<\/strong>, but we can notice its impact due to an outside source that is generating it, such as a neighbouring installation. In the following chapter we will learn how to measure and trace these disturbances so we can then treat them correctly.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”contenido_single_evento contenido_single_notebook bloque_indice_notebook” el_id=”bloque2″][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”8\/12″][vc_column_text el_class=”titulo_apartado_acordeon”]<\/p>\nElectrical harmonics and their costs<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner el_class=”contenido_apartado_acordeon”][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]Harmonics are therefore disturbances and they\u00a0entail costs<\/strong>\u00a0that are not always easy to detect and assess. These costs can be classified into two types:<\/p>\n\n- Technical<\/strong>\u00a0costs<\/li>\n
- Economic<\/strong>\u00a0costs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Technical costs<\/strong>\u00a0are those that entail a\u00a0loss of performance<\/strong>\u00a0in the installation, such as:<\/p>\n\n- Loss of capacity in energy distribution lines<\/li>\n
- Transformer overload<\/li>\n
- Conductor overload<\/li>\n
- Transformer derating<\/li>\n
- Joule effect losses in lines and machinery<\/li>\n
- Magnetic losses in electrical machinery<\/li>\n
- Increased leakage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Typically,\u00a0technical costs lead to economic costs<\/strong>, which is why controlling technical costs is so important.<\/p>\nEconomic costs<\/strong>\u00a0are those that\u00a0can be quantified monetarily<\/strong>, although sometimes they are not easy to calculate. They may be\u00a0visible or hidden<\/strong>:<\/p>\nVisible<\/strong>\u00a0costs:<\/p>\n\n- Higher electrical consumption<\/li>\n
- Electrical consumption peaks<\/li>\n
- Surcharge or payment for reactive energy on the electric bill<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Hidden<\/strong>\u00a0costs:<\/p>\n\n- Distribution losses<\/li>\n
- Power and energy losses (due to the Joule effect or magnetic losses)<\/li>\n
- Expansion of installations<\/li>\n
- Production process downtime<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
These costs depend on the type of installation and the connected loads.<\/p>\n
How can we find out if we are experiencing these harmonic disturbances? How can we avoid them or limit their negative impact? We will learn how in the following sections.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”contenido_single_evento contenido_single_notebook bloque_indice_notebook” el_id=”bloque3″][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”8\/12″][vc_column_text el_class=”titulo_apartado_acordeon”]<\/p>\n
Impact of harmonics on the power system<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner el_class=”contenido_apartado_acordeon”][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]Not all\u00a0electrical quality problems<\/strong>\u00a0in an installation are attributable to\u00a0electrical harmonics<\/strong>, but they are usually the\u00a0most common and significant<\/strong>. As we can see in the following graph, there are several sources of problems in an installation and grid:[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30341″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\nSources of problems in an installation and grid<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]The\u00a0main effects of voltage and current harmonics<\/strong>\u00a0in a power system are usually:<\/p>\n\n- The potential\u00a0amplification of some harmonics<\/strong>\u00a0due to parallel or series\u00a0resonance<\/strong>*<\/li>\n
- Reduced performance<\/strong>\u00a0of energy generation, transport and usage systems<\/li>\n
- The\u00a0premature ageing<\/strong>\u00a0of insulation on grid components, leading to energy reduction<\/li>\n
- Poor functioning<\/strong>\u00a0of the system or any of its components<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
* Resonance is a physical effect in which several elements with specific values interact with each other, oscillating and amplifying a particular frequency. This amplification leads to higher energy consumption by forcing the system or some of its parts to work above their specifications. If resonance is not controlled it can lead to the destruction of parts of the system or the entire system.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30394″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center” onclick=”zoom”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Main problems and effects generated by harmonics in the components or elements of an electrical network<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”contenido_single_evento contenido_single_notebook bloque_indice_notebook” el_id=”bloque4″][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”8\/12″][vc_column_text el_class=”titulo_apartado_acordeon”]<\/p>\n
How can a harmonics problem be analysed?<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner el_class=”contenido_apartado_acordeon”][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]This section will describe how to conduct a study of harmonics and which units must be used for such purposes. There will also be a standard procedure available for facing any new situation. This section will be followed by actual cases in which corrective actions are determined after analysing a harmonics case.<\/p>\n
To correctly analyse harmonics, a power analyzer (portable analyzer\u00a0AR6, AR5L<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0CIRe3<\/strong>) is needed, which is capable of measuring all the electrical variables of the installation for their subsequent interpretation.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”2024″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]There is no standard way of carrying out a study, but the following steps may be considered for it:<\/p>\n\n- Previous identification of the symptoms that may exist in the installation:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30415″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]Being unaware of the existence of any of the symptoms (marked as \u201c?\u201d) does not mean the installation may not suffer them; in fact, you should take more care and supervise the installation, e.g., by monitoring the electrical parameters of various installation points with fixed power analyzers and a\u00a0PowerStudio-SCADA<\/strong>\u00a0system.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\nInstallation diagnosis process<\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30424″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]Having identified the symptoms and with the installation information available (see above points), you can carry out a proper diagnosis and provide one or several more accurate solutions against harmonics, adapted to the symptoms.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Process for conducting the study<\/h4>\n
More specifically these steps must be followed for the study or diagnosis of harmonics:[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”30434″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_column_text]After interpreting the measured data, try to recognise the effects produced by harmonics and use this data to propose installation improvement solutions. All of this will be shown in the solutions chapter to eliminate or mitigate the effect of harmonics.\u2003<\/a>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\nRegulations applicable to electrical harmonics<\/h4>\n
The results measured can be assessed according to the following standards, directives and regulations :<\/p>\n
\u2022 Low Voltage Directive 2014\/35\/EU repealing Directive 2006\/95\/EC.
\n\u2022 Low Voltage Electrotechnical Regulations (REBT) RD 842\/2002
\n\u2022 NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE 1955\/2000, of 1 December, regulating the transmission, distribution, marketing, supply and authorisation procedures for electrical energy installations
\n\u2022 European Directive 2014\/30\/EU on the approximation of the laws of Member States on electromagnetic compatibility, repealing Directive 2004\/108\/EC
\n\u2022 European Directive 2014\/32\/EU on measuring instruments repealing Directive 2004\/22\/EC
\n\u2022 European Directive 2014\/33\/EU on lifts repealing Directive 95\/16\/EC
\n\u2022 UNE-EN 12015 Standard \u201cElectromagnetic compatibility. Product family standard for lifts, escalators and moving walkways. Emission\u201d
\n\u2022 UNE-EN 20460-5-523 Standard \u201cElectrical installations of buildings. Part 5: Selection and installation of electrical materials. Chapter 52: Piping. Section 523: Acceptable currents.\u201d
\n\u2022 UNE-EN 50160 Standard \u201cVoltage features of electricity supplied by public distribution grids\u201d
\n\u2022 UNE-EN 61642:2000 Standard \u201cIndustrial AC networks affected by harmonics. Application of filters and shunt capacitors\u201d
\n\u2022 UNE-EN 61800-3 Standard \u201cAdjustable speed electrical power drive systems. Part 3: EMC product standard including specific test methods.\u201d
\n\u2022 UNE-EN 61000-3-2 Standard \u201cElectromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Part 3-2: Limits. Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment with input current < 16 A per phase)
\n\u2022 UNE-EN 61000-3-12 Standard \u201cElectromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Part 3-12: Limits. Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage grids with input current > 16 A and < 75 A per phase
\n\u2022 UNE-EN 61000-3-4 Standard \u201cElectromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Part 3-4: Limits. Limits for harmonic currents produced by units connected to public low-voltage grids with input current >16 A
\n\u2022 IEEE 519-1992 Standard \u201cRecommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power System\u201d
\n\u2022 G5\/4-1 Standard \u201cManaging Harmonics: ENA Engineering Recommendation\u201d[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”contenido_single_evento contenido_single_notebook bloque_indice_notebook” el_id=”bloque5″][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”contenido_single_evento contenido_single_notebook bloque_indice_notebook” el_id=”bloque6″][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”bloque”][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”8\/12″][vc_raw_html el_class=”compartir_videotutorial”]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[\/vc_raw_html][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/12″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row el_class=”bloque listado_otros_notebooks”][vc_column width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
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